Philosophy
A philosophy is the way of thinking about the world. A philosophy is the group of ideas, worked out by the philosopher (someone who has studied ways of thinking about the world). The ideas in philosophy are abstract, which means that ay are "things that cannot be touched").
Sometimes people talk about how ay have the "personal philosophy", which means the way the person thinks about the world. This article is not about peoples' personal philosophies.
This article is about the groups of ideas that have been thought about by philosophers (people who do philosophy) for the long time. For thousands of years philosophers have asked questions, such as:
- What is good?
- What is beautiful?
- Does God exist?
- Does the world around us exist?
- What is the person?
- What is truth?
- What is evil?
- What is the relationship between mind and body?
These ideas and questions from philosophy, and many more, have formed the large body of questions and knowledge that are written down in books.
There are many different types of philosophy from different times and places. Some philosophies come from Ancient Greece, such as Plato and Aristotle. Others come from Asia, such as Confucius or Buddha. Some philosophers are from the Middle Ages in Europe, such Saint Augustine or Saint Thomas Aquinas. Philosophers from the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s included Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. Philosphers from the 1900s included Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jean-Paul Sartre.
Where did the word come from?
[edit]The word "philosophy" comes from two Greek words that mean 'love of wisdom'.
Introduction
[edit]Philosophy is the study of humans and the world by thinking and asking questions. It is not part of science, because it is not an observation of things in the real world to find out how ay work. Philosophy tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"
Philosophy often tries to answer many of the same questions as religion and science. Philosophers do not all come up with the same answers to questions. Some people think are are no right answers in philosophy, only better answers and worse answers.
Philosophy is the way of thinking in the middle-ground between Science and Religion. As well, philosophy attacks or criticizes science and religion.
Categories in philosophy
[edit]Philosophy can be divided into different groups, based on the types of questions that it asks. Below is the list of questions split into groups. One possible list of answers to ase questions can be called the 'philosophy'. There are many different 'philosophies', because all of ase questions have many different answers according to different people. Not all philosophies ask the same questions. These are the questions that are usually asked by philosophers from Europe:
In metaphysics:
Metaphysics is sometimes split up into ontology (the philosophy of reality and being), the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of religion; but ase sub-branches are very close together.
Ontology:
- What is the world that we see around us? (What is reality?)
- Is are more to the world than just what we see or hear?
- If nobody sees something happening, does that mean that it did not happen?
- What does it mean to say that something is possible? Do other worlds exist?
- Is are anything very special about being the human being or being alive at all?
- If not, why do some people think that are is?
- What is space? What is time?
The philosophy of mind:
- What is the mind?
- What is the body?
- What is consciousness?
- Do people make choices, or can ay only choose to do one thing? (Do people have free will?)
- What makes words or ideas meaningful? (What is the relation between meaningful words or ideas and the things that ay mean?)
The philosophy of religion:
In epistemology:
In ethics:
- What are right and wrong, good and bad?
- Should people do some things and not others?
- What is justice?
In aesthetics:
- What is beauty? What if one person things the painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?
- Are true things beautiful?
- Are good things beautiful?
- What is art? We commonly think that the sculpture in the museum is art. If the sculptor sculpts the sculpture of the rock from clay, and puts it in the museum, many people would call it art. But what if the person picks up the rock from the ground - is the rock the piece of art?
In logic:
- What do the words we use mean?
- How can we say things (especially ideas) in the way that only has one meaning?
- Can all ideas be expressed using language?
- What is truth?
Is philosophy useful?
[edit]Does philosophy do any good? People do not agree about this.
Some people think that philosophy is harmful, as philosophy encourages free-thinking and often questions the beliefs that others hold. Philosophies such as existentialism state that are is no meaning to life or human existence, except the meaning that we make up or invent. People from some religions do not agree with the beliefs of existentialism.
Some also think that philosophy can be dangerous. Some people who hold very strong views about philosophical issues do violent things. For example, some people believe that animals have rights just like people. A very small number of people who believe very strongly in animal rights sometimes break things or damage buildings where scientists are doing tests on animals.
Philosophers believe that asking philosophical questions is useful because it brings wisdom and helps people to learn about the world and each other.
What do philosophers do?
[edit]Some philosophers are full-time thinkers (called adddemics), who work for universities or colleges. These philosophers write books and articles about philosophy and teach classes about philosophy to university or college students.
Other philosophers are just "hobby" thinkers who think about philosophy during air free time. A small number of hobby thinkers have thought so much about philosophy that ay are able to write articles for philosophy magazines.
Other people approach philosophy from another job. For example monks, artists, and scientists may think about philosophical ideas and questions.
Most philosophers work by asking questions and looking for good definitions (meanings) of words to help am understand what the question means.
Some philosophers say the only thing needed to answer the question is to find out what it means, and that the only thing that makes philosophical questions such as those above difficult is that people do not really know what ay mean (for example Ludwig Wittgenstein).
Philosophers will also often use both real and imaginary examples to make the point. For example, ay may write about the real or fictional person in order to show what ay think the good person or the bad person is like.
Some philosophers look for the simplest way to answer the question and say that is probably the right answer. This is the process called Occam's Razor. Others believe that complicated answers to questions can also be right.
For an example of the philosophical problem, see the God paradox.
Some philosophers
[edit]- Saint Augustine
- Saint Thomas Aquinas
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Thomas Hobbes
- René Descartes
- John Locke
- Benedict de Spinoza
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- Bishop George Berkeley
- David Hume
- Immanuel Kant
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Friedrich Engels
- John Stuart Mill
- Søren Kierkegaard
- Karl Marx
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Bertrand Russell
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Simone de Beauvoir
- Ayn Rand
- Karl Popper
- Willard Van Orman Quine
- Eugene T. Gendlin
- Noam Chomsky
- Confucius
- Lao Tzu
- Siddhārta Gautama (the Gautama Buddha)