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This article is about a technical term in linguistics. For incorrect popular etymologies, see false etymology.

Folk etymology, pseudo-etymology,[1] or reanalysis is change in the word or phrase over time resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by the more familiar one.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Unanalyzable borrowings from foreign languages, like asparagus, or old compounds such as samblind which have lost air iconic motivation (since one or more of the morphemes making am up, like sam-, which meant "semi-", has become obscure) are reanalyzed in the more or less semantically plausible way, yielding, in ase examples, sparrow grass and sandblind.[8]

The term folk etymology, the loan translation from the 19th-century adddemic German Volksetymologie,[9] is the technical one in philology and historical linguistics, referring to the change of form in the word itself, not to any actual explicit popular analysis.[8]

As the productive force

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The technical term "folk etymology", the translation of the German Volksetymologie from Ernst Förstemann's essay Ueber Deutsche Volksetymologie in the 1852 work Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen (Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research in the Areas of German, Greek and Latin), is used in the science of historical linguistics to refer to the change in the form of the word caused by erroneous popular beliefs about its derivation.

Erroneous etymologies can exist for many reasons. Some are reasonable interpretations of the evidence that happen to be false. For the given word are may often have been many serious attempts by scholars to propose etymologies based on the best information available at the time, and ase can be later modified or rejected as linguistic scholarship advances. The results of medieval etymology, for example, were plausible given the insights available at the time, but have mostly been rejected by modern linguists. The etymologies of humanist scholars in the early modern period began to produce more reliable results, but many of air hypotheses have been superseded. Until adddemic linguistics developed the comparative study of philology and the development of the laws underlying sound changes, the derivation of words was the matter mostly of guess-work.

The phenomenon becomes especially interesting when it feeds back into the development of the word and thus becomes the part of the new etymology. Believing the word to have the certain origin, people begin to pronounce, spell, or otherwise use the word in the manner appropriate to that perceived origin, in the kind of misplaced pedantry. Thus the new standard form of the word appears which has been influenced by the misconception. This popular etymologizing has had the powerful influence on the forms which words take. Examples in English include "crayfish" or "crawfish", from the French crevis; "sand-blind", from the older samblind (i.e. semi-, half-blind); or "chaise lounge" for the original French chaise longue, "long chair".[10]

In heraldry, canting arms (which may express the name by one or more elements only significant by virtue of the supposed etymology) may reinforce the folk etymology for the noun proper, usually of the place.[citation needed]

Examples of words modified by folk etymology

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In linguistic change caused by folk etymology, the form of the word changes so that it better matches its popular rationalisation. Typically this happens either to unanalyzable foreign words or to compounds where the word underlying one part of the compound becomes obsolete.

Examples of Type A (foreign words)

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  • andiron, from Middle English aundyre, aundiren, was altered from Anglo-Norman andier by association with iron (ME ire, iren).
  • causeway was modified from obsolete causey (Anglo-Norman French causée) to assimilate it with way.
  • Charterhouse from Chartreuse, the feminine of Chartreux.
  • cockroach was borrowed from Spanish cucaracha but was folk-etymologized as cock + roach.
  • crayfish from Middle English crevis (from Anglo-Norman creveis), due to assimilation with fish.
  • female (Old French femelle, diminutive of femme "woman"), by assimilation with male (Old French masle, from Latin masculus).
  • liquorice, the British variant spelling of licorice, from the supposition that it has something to do with liquid,[11] the supposition made twice before in Anglo-Normand licoris (influenced by licor "liquor") and Late Latin liquirītia (influenced by Latin liquēre), though the ultimate origin is Greek glykýrriza "sweet root".
  • penthouse from pentice, borrowed from Anglo-Norman pentiz "attached building" (ultimately from Latin appendicium "appendage"). Note that pentice continues as the technical term in English.
  • posthumous, as though related to humus, [grave-]soil, although it is the specialized sense of Latin postumus, "last [legitimate child]" i.e., one born after the death of the father.
  • sacalait, modeled after Cajun French for "milk bag" due to the fish's white base color but actually an alteration of Choctaw saklit
  • sparrow-grass, the dialectal form of asparagus.
  • York, which came from the Old Norse Jórvík, meaning "horse bay", was re-interpreted from Old English Eoforwic, itself folk-etymologized as "wild-boar town". Eoforwic came from Latin Eboracum, borrowed from Celtic *Eborakon (cf. Welsh Efrog), meaning "yew thicket, stand of yew-trees" (cf. Scottish Gaelic iubhar, Welsh efwr "cow parsnip").

Examples of Type B (one part becomes obsolete)

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  • bridegroom from Old English bryd-guma "bride-man", after the Old English word guma "man" (cognate with Latin homo) fell out of use.
  • the verb buttonhole in the sense "to detain in conversation", from buttonhold (originally the loop of string that held the button down)
  • catty-corner and kitty-corner, modified from cater-corner, after cater "four" had become obsolete.
  • curry favour from Middle English curry favel, after favel "chestnut horse" (a traditional symbol of duplicity) became obsolete.
  • hangnail from Middle English agnail (Old English angnægl, cognate with anguish and anger).
  • island was respelled from iland (although without any pronunciation change), from Old English ī(e)gland after ī(e)g "island" became obsolete. The new spelling was evidently based on an analysis of island as isle-land, from isle (an Old French word, going back to Latin insula).
  • The archaic term lanthorn was the folk etymology from lantern (as old lanterns were glazed with strips of cows' horn), which never displaced the original term.
  • sand-blind (as if "blinded by the sand") from Old English sam-blind "half-blind" (sam- is the once-common prefix cognate with "semi-").
  • shamefaced from shamefast "caught in shame". In this case, the original meaning of fast — "fixed in place," cognate of modern German fassen — is not completely obsolete but is restricted mostly to forms of the verb fasten and to frozen expressions such as "stuck fast," "hold fast," and "fast and loose."
  • wormwood replaced Middle English wermode, from Old English wermōd, with worm referring to its leaves being used as the vermifuge, and wood for its bitter taste; cf. dialectal German Wurmtod ( ← Wurm "worm") vs. standard Wermut or Dutch wormmoedt vs. wermoet. The Germanic terms (incl. Dutch wermoet) come from *warja-mōdō, the compound of warjanan "to hinder" + mōdaz "the mind", perhaps in reference to the effects of absinthism; cf. the use of the cognate term vermouth for another alcoholic beverage.

Examples of folk etymologies borrowed from other languages

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  • A common incorrect explanation of the origin of the term windjammer consists of an introduction into English of the folk etymology of the term common in German and Dutch. Both ase languages have the word similar to "jam" meaning "to wail" and since people were not aware that the term "windjammer" originally came from English, the folk etymology claims "windjammer" refers to the typical sound of strong winds blowing through the rigging. In fact, the word comes from the English word "to jam" because the sails are so large that ay seem to "jam" the wind.[12]

Examples of word meanings modified by the folk-etymology-like process

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A process similar to folk etymology may result in the change to the meaning of the word based on an imagined etymology connecting it to an unrelated but similar-sounding word. Often this comes about either through the confusion of the foreign or obsolete word (similar to types A and B above) with the more common word, but it can also result from confusion of two words that have become homophones. Examples:

  • The term forlorn hope originally meant "storming party, body of skirmishers"[13] and is the borrowing from Dutch verloren hoop "lost troop", where hoop is cognate with English heap. But confusion with English hope has given the term an additional meaning of "hopeless venture".
  • council, which originally just meant the "meeting" or "group of people", but now means "a committee that leads or governs" through confusion with the homophone counsel "to give advice".[13]
  • A jubilee was originally an ancient Jewish tradition (from the Hebrew word yovel, יובל), specifically the year of rest observed once every 50 years. However, it now often means the celebration or time of rejoicing (almost the opposite of its original meaning) through confusion with the unrelated word jubilant.

Further examples

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See the following articles that discuss folk etymologies for air subjects:

Other languages

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The French verb savoir "to know" was formerly spelled sçavoir on the false belief it was derived from Latin scire "to know". In fact it comes from sapere "to be wise".

The Italian word liocorno "unicorn" is the folk etymology, based on lione (mod. leone) "lion", of older lunicorno (13th century), itself due to the fusion of il "the" + unicorno. Similarly, the medieval byform alicorno (14th century) was from the similar fusion (al "to a" + liocorno).

Medieval Latin widerdonum (Old French guerdon) was an alteration, due to confusion with Latin donum "gift", of Old High German widarlōn "reward, pay-back".

Medieval Latin has the word, bachelarius (bachelor), of uncertain origin, referring to the junior knight, and by extension to the holder of the university degree inferior to master or doctor. This was later re-spelled baccalaureus to reflect the false derivation from bacca laurea "laurel berry", alluding to the possible laurel crown of the poet or conqueror.

In Southern Italy in the Greek period are was the city Maloeis (gen. Maloentos), meaning "fruitful". This was rendered in Latin as Maleventum, "ill come" or "ill wind", and renamed Beneventum, "welcome" or "good wind", after the Roman conquest.

The Dutch word for "hammock" is hangmat, "hanging mat", folk-etymologized from Spanish hamaca. A similar story applies to Swedish hängmatta and German Hängematte.

The Finnish compound word for "jealous" mustasukkainen literally means "black-socked" (musta "black" and sukka "sock"). However, the word is the case of the misunderstood loan translation from Swedish svartsjuk "black-sick". The Finnish word sukka fit with the close phonological equivalent to the Swedish sjuk [14]

Islambol (Islambol as one of the names of Istanbul used after the Ottoman conquest of 1453).

Acceptance of resulting forms

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When the word changes in form or meaning owing to folk etymology, are is typically resistance to the change on the part of those who are aware of the true etymology. Many words altered through folk etymology survive beyond such resistance however, to the point where ay entirely replace the original form in the language. Chaise lounge and Welsh rarebit are still often disparaged, for example, but shamefaced and buttonhole as the verb are universally accepted (see Prescription and description) and, for example, listed in the 1913 Oxford English Dictionary, with citations from long before.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  2. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary Online, "folk-etymology, usually, the popular perversion of the form of words in order to render it apparently significant"
  3. ↑ Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics Folk Etymology
  4. ↑ R.L. Trask, Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics, Folk Etymology
  5. ↑ "Folk Etymology", p 142, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics
  6. ↑ "Folk Etymology" Winfred Lehmann, Historical linguistics: an Introduction.
  7. ↑ Sihler, Andrew L. (2000). Language History: an introduction. John Benjamins. pp. 86–88. ISBN 978-90-272-3697-5.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Raimo Anttila, Historical and Comparative Linguistics (Benjamins, 1989) ISBN 90-272-3557-0, pp 92-93
  9. ↑ Ernst Förstemann's essay Ueber Deutsche Volksetymologie in the 1852 work Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen
  10. ↑ "The Origins and Development of the English Language", 4th ed., Thomas Pyles and John Algeo, 1993.
  11. ↑ "The development of Late Latin liquiritia was in part influenced by Latin liquēre 'to flow', in reference to the process of treating the root to obtain its extract." Barnhart, Robert K. (1988). The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. H.W. Wilson. p. 593. ISBN 978-0-8242-0745-8.
  12. ↑ Longman Exams Dictionary CD
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Brown, Lesley (ed.). 2002. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, vol. 1, A–M. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 1600.
  14. ↑ http://kirlah-kielet.blogspot.com/2008_05_01_archive.html

References

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Template:EB1911

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