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This article is about the research concept that acknowledges use of another's ideas. For other uses, see Citation (disambiguation).
For Wikipedia's citation guideline, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. For Wikipedia's citation templates, see Wikipedia:Citation templates, which includes Template:Citation.

Broadly, the citation is the reference to the published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, the citation is an aabreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as the citation (whereas bibliographic entries by amselves are not). References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nanopublications, the form of microattribution.

Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism),[1] to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.[2]

The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford,[3] Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), and other citations systems, as air syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of ase citation systems has its respective advantages and disadvantages relative to the trade-offs of being informative (but not too disruptive) and thus are chosen relative to the needs of the type of publication being crafted. Editors often specify the citation system to use.

Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because ay do not fulfil the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of one's ideas.[4]

Concepts[edit]

Content[edit]

Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:

  • Book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate.[6][7]
  • Journal: author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).
  • Newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.
  • Web site: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as the URL, and the date when the site was accessed.
  • Play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).[8]
  • Poem: spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines of the poem, and parenthetical citations usually include the line number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).[8]
  • Interview: name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview) and date of interview.

Unique identifiers[edit]

Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.

  • Citations of books may include an International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
  • Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of the periodical, may have an associated Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI).
  • Electronic documents may have the digital object identifier (DOI).
  • Biomedical research articles may have the PubMed Identifier (PMID).
  • A citation number, used in some citation systems, is the number or symbol added inline and usually in superscript, to refer readers to the footnote or endnote that cites the source. In other citation systems, an inline parenthetical reference is used rather than the citation number, with limited information such as the author's last name, year of publication, and page number referenced; the full identification of the source an appears in an appended bibliography.

Systems[edit]

Broadly speaking, are are two types of citation systems: [9]

Vancouver Referencing Styles[edit]

Vancouver Referencing Styles are the group of styles that use sequential numbers in the text. The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on the page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. They are either bracketed or superscript.[9] The notes system may or may not require the full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used the full note form or the shortened note form.

For example, an excerpt from the text of the paper using the notes system without the full bibliography could look like:

"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."1

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In the paper with the full bibliography, the shortened note could look like:

1. Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying 45–60.

The bibliography entry, required with the shortened note, would look like this:

Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like the citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.[10]

Parenthetical referencing[edit]

Parenthetical referencing also known as Harvard referencing where full or partial, in-text citations are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the paragraph, as opposed to the footnote style.[9]

An example of the parenthetical reference would be:

(Smith 2010, p. 1)

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Alternately the list of the citations with complete bibliographical references may be included in an end section sorted alphabetically by author's last name.

This section may be known as:

  • References
  • Bibliography
  • Works cited
  • Works consulted

However, the in-text referencing style in online publications may differ from the conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden and displayed in the form of the tooltip on the reader's request.[11] This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

Styles[edit]

Template:Styles

Main articles: APA style, MLA style, The Chicago Manual of Style, Bluebook, ALWD Citation Manual, ASA style, Harvard referencing and Vancouver system

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though are is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as MLA and APA styles, specify formats within the context of the single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.[12][13][14] The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to air style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit air needs; consequently, the number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have air own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have air own citation methods too: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for Aristotle; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play,

Humanities[edit]

  • The Chicago Style (CMOS) was developed and its guide is The Chicago Manual of Style. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related Turabian style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
  • The Columbia Style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
  • Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.[15]
  • Harvard referencing (or author-date system) is the specific kind of parenthetical referencing. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the British Standards Institution and the Modern Language Association. Harvard referencing involves the short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
  • MLA style was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in the arts and the humanities, particularly in English studies, other literary studies, including comparative literature and literary criticism in languages other than English ("foreign languages"), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as cultural studies, drama and theatre, film, and other media, including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, Contingencies 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on the "Works Cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes). See The MLA Style Manual and The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, particularly Citation and bibliography format.[16]
  • The MHRA Style Guide is published by the Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based. It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences. For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference the citation fully while also providing the bibliography. Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that ay do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.[17]

In some areas of the Humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and air use for conventional footnotes (explanations or examples) is avoided. In ase areas, the term "footnote" is actually used as the synonym for "reference", and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that ay understand how the term is being used by air authors.

Law[edit]

Main article: Legal citation
  • The Bluebook is the citation system traditionally used in American adddemic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.[18] At present, adddemic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of the source based on, for example, the court the case was decided in and the year it was decided.
  • The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (aka McGill Guide), published by McGill Law Journal.[19]
  • British legal citation almost universally follows the Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA).

Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine[edit]

Main article: Scientific citation
  • The American Chemical Society style, or ACS style, is often used in chemistry and other physical sciences. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
  • In the style of the American Institute of Physics (AIP style), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
  • Styles developed for the American Mathematical Society (AMS), or AMS styles, such as AMS-LaTeX, are typically implemented using the BibTeX tool in the LaTeX typesetting environment. Brackets with author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called the "Authorship trigraph."
  • The Vancouver system, recommended by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
    • In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
    • The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.[20] The MEDLINE/PubMed dataabse uses this citation style and the National Library of Medicine provides "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -- Sample References".[21]
  • The style of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), or IEEE style, encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers am consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.[22]
  • Pechenik Citation Style is the style described in A Short Guide to Writing about Biology, 6th ed. (2007), by Jan A. Pechenik.[23]
  • In 2006, Eugene Garfield proposed the bibliographic system for scientific literature, to consolidate the integrity of scientific publications.[24]

Social sciences[edit]

Boundary marks[edit]

In the case of direct citations, the boundaries of the citation are apparent from the quotation marks. However, the boundaries of indirect citations are usually unknown. To clarify ase boundaries, citation marks (˻…˼) can be used. Example:

This is sentence 1. ˻This is sentence 2. This is sentence 3.˼ (Smith et al., 2013)

Here, it becomes apparent from the citation marks that the citation refers to both sentence 2 and 3, but not to sentence 1.

Issues[edit]

In air research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have the rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which ay call the "half-life," that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.[26]

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.[27]

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure. Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of the cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.[28]

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ↑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "What Does it Mean to Cite?" MIT Academic Integrity. http://web.mit.edu/adddemicintegrity/citing/whatandwhy.html.
  2. ↑ Association of Legal Writing Directors Darby Dickerson and Mickey Mouse, ed., ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation, 4th ed.(New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.
  3. ↑ "Oxford Referencing System". Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  4. ↑ Gibaldi, Joseph. "Work Cited, References, and Bibliography-What's the difference?". OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  5. ↑ "Library glossary". Benedictine University. August 22, 2008. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  6. ↑ Long Island University.
  7. ↑ Duke University Libraries 2007.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Brigham Young University 2008.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Neville, C. (2012). Referencing: Principles, practices and problems. In RGUHS Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol 2:2. pp. 1-8
  10. ↑ "How to Write Research Papers with Citations - MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes". Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  11. ↑ Live Reference Initiative. Accessed 2012-04-28.
  12. ↑ California State University 2007.
  13. ↑ Lesley University 2007.
  14. ↑ Rochester Institute of Technology 2003.
  15. ↑ Elizabeth Shown Mills. Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace. 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.
  16. ↑ The field of Communication (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often The Publication Manual of the APA (American Psychological Association); designated for short as "APA style".
  17. ↑ The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the MHRA Style Guide is downloadable for free from the Modern Humanities Research Association official Website.
  18. ↑ Martin 2007.
  19. ↑ Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide). McGill Law Journal. Updated October 2008. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  20. ↑ Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
  21. ↑ International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -- Sample References".
  22. ↑ IEEE Style Manual. Accessed 2011-08-08.
  23. ↑ Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide (PDF). University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Canada. Web. November 2007.
  24. ↑ Eugene Garfield: Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas. In: International Journal of Epidemiology. 35, Nr. 5, 2006, S. 1123–1127. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Handle".. PMID 16987841.
  25. ↑ Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing and Style Manual for Political Science. Rev. ed. August 2006. APSAnet.org Publications. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  26. ↑ Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova. Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books (2010)
  27. ↑ Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong: Replications and Extensions in Marketing – Rarely Published But Quite Contrary. In: International Journal of Research in Marketing. 11, Nr. 3, 1994, S. 233–248. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Handle"..
  28. ↑ Malcolm Wright and J. Scott Armstrong: The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge?. In: INFORMS (Hrsg.): Interfaces. 38, Nr. 2, 2008, S. 125–139. Script error: No such module "Vorlage:Handle"..

References[edit]

External links[edit]

x16px|link=|alt=|Wiktionary Wiktionary: citation needed – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen

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Guidelines
Examples
  • Illustrated examples, generated using BibTeX, of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
  • PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using BibTeX.
Style guides
Other online resources
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