Czech Republic

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This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Czech Republic (disambiguation).

The Czech Republic (ⁱ/ˈtʃɛk rᵻˈpʌblɪk/ CHEK-rə-PUB-lik; Template:Lang-cs, Template:IPA-cs, is the landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the northwest and west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. Prague, the capital, is the largest city, with 1.3 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia and Moravia, and Czech Silesia. The short (geographical) name of the country is Czechia. The name has been listed as a standardized name by many institutions – including the European Union and the United Nations.

The Czech state, known in English as Bohemia until the early 20th century, was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslids. In 1004, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1212, and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. The King of Bohemia did not rule only Bohemia itself, but also other lands, which formed together the so-called Crown of Bohemia, and he had the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor. In the Hussite wars of the 15th century driven by the Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced economic embargoes and defeated five crusades proclaimed by the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and organized mainly by the emperor and princes of the Holy Roman Empire.

Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War, after which the monarchy consolidated its rule, re-imposed Catholicism, and adopted the policy of gradual Germanization. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian Kingdom became part of the Austrian Empire. In the 19th century, the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, which was formed in 1918 following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I.

Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, becoming liberated in 1945 by American and Soviet forces. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup d'état, Czechoslovakia became the single-party communist state under Soviet influence. In 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in the reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in the Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed and the multiparty parliamentary republic was formed. On 1. January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

The Czech Republic is the developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 15th in inequality-adjusted human development. The Czech Republic also ranks as the 11th-most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It is the member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE and the Council of Europe.

Etymology

Main article: Name of the Czech Republic

The traditional English name "Bohemia" derives from Latin "Boiohaemum", which means "home of the Boii". The current name comes from the endonym Čech, borrowed through Polish and spelt accordingly. The name comes from the Slavic tribe (Czechs, Template:Lang-cs) and, according to legend, air leader Čech, who brought am to Bohemia, to settle on Říp Mountain. The etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning "member of the people; kinsman", thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk (a person).

The country has been traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia (Čechy) in the west, Moravia (Morava) in the southeast, and Czech Silesia (Slezsko; the smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia, most of which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast. Known officially as the "Lands of the Bohemian Crown" since the 14th century, the number of other names for the country have been used, including Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, and the Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas. When the country regained its independence after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the new name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the union of the Czech and Slovak nations within the one country.

Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without the common single-word name in English. In 1993, the Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs Jozef Zieleniec suggested referring to the new country in less formal contexts as Czechland, singling it out as the traditional name of the dominion of the Czechs. He also offered the alternative Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ (Česko Template:IPA-cs in Czech), the use of which has not become widespread in English. Note that in official documents and the full names of government institutions the term Czech Republic is always used.

History

Main article: History of the Czech lands

Migrations of the Celtic tribe Boii, who gave name to Bohemia

Great Moravia (pictured 9th century) was first West Slavic state in Central Europe.

Prehistory

Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the Paleolithic era. The figurine Venus of Dolní Věstonice found here is the oldest known ceramic article in the world.

In the classical era, from the 3rd century BC Celtic migrations, the Boii and later in the 1st century, Germanic tribes of Marcomanni and Quadi settled are. Their king Maroboduus is the first documented ruler of Bohemia. During the Migration Period around the 5th century, many Germanic tribes moved westwards and southwards out of Central Europe.

Slavic people from the Black Sea-Carpathian region settled in the area (a movement that was also stimulated by the onslaught of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars). In the sixth century ay moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia and some of present day Austria and Germany. During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting air Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe. The Moravian principality arose in the 8th century and reached its zenith in the 9th, when it held off the influence of the Franks and won the protection of the Pope.

Bohemia

King Přemysl Ottokar II, (c. 1233–1278), also ruled the Austrian lands

The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century, when it was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty. In 10th century Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia conquered Moravia, Silesia and expanded farther to the east. The Kingdom of Bohemia was, as the only kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, the significant regional power during the Middle Ages. It was part of the Empire from 1002 till 1806, with the exception of the years 1440–1526.^{[citation needed]} In 1212, King Přemysl Ottokar I (bearing the title "king" since 1198) extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily (a formal edict) from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal status; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to the Kingdom. The bull declared that the King of Bohemia would be exempt from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire except for participation in imperial councils. German immigrants settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century. Germans populated towns and mining districts and, in some cases, formed German colonies in the interior of Bohemia. In 1235, the Mongols launched an invasion of Europe. After the Battle of Legnica, the Mongols carried air raids into Moravia. The Mongols subsequently invaded and defeated Hungary.

Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bohemia since the 13th century

Crown of Saint Wenceslas used during coronations

Crown of Bohemia (Czech lands) during the reign of Emperor Charles IV

Map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1600. It included the Czech lands from 1004 to 1806 and Prague was the imperial seat in 1346–1437 and 1583–1611.

King Přemysl Ottokar II earned the nickname "Iron and Golden King" because of his military power and wealth. He acquired Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, thus spreading the Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea. He met his death at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278 in the war with his rival, King Rudolph I of Germany. Ottokar's son Wenceslaus II acquired the Polish crown in 1300 for himself and the Hungarian crown for his son. He built the great empire stretching from the Danube river to the Baltic Sea. In 1306, the last king of Přemyslid line was murdered in mysterious circumstances in Olomouc while he was resting. After the series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained the Bohemian throne.

The 14th century, in particular, the reign of the Czech king Charles IV (1316–1378), who also became the King of Italy, King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor, is considered the Golden Age of Czech history. Of particular significance was the founding of Charles University in Prague in 1348, Charles Bridge, Charles Square. Much of Prague Castle and the cathedral of Saint Vitus in Gothic style were completed during his reign. He unified Brandenburg (until 1415), Lusatia (until 1635), and Silesia (until 1742) under the Czech crown. The Black Death, which had raged in Europe from 1347 to 1352, decimated the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1380, killing about 10% of the population.

By the end of the 14th century started the process of the so-called Bohemian (Czech) Reformation. The religious and social reformer Jan Hus formed the reform movement later named after him. Although Hus was named the heretic and burnt in Constance in 1415, his followers seceded from the Catholic Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against am by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Petr Chelčický continued with the Czech (Bohemian) Hussite Reformation movement. During the next two centuries, 90% of the inhabitants became adherents of the Hussite Christian movement.

After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and an in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. The Austrian Habsburgs of the 16th century, the founders of the central European Habsburg Monarchy, were buried in Prague. Between 1583–1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court.

The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War, which quickly spread throughout Central Europe. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The war had the devastating effect on the local population; the people had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country – otherwise ay would be killed^{[citation needed]} for heresy.

The following period, from 1620 to the late 18th century, has often been called colloquially the "Dark Age". The population of the Czech lands declined by the third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due to the war, disease and famine. The Habsburgs prohibited all religions other than Catholicism, which was expressed by baroque architecture. The flowering of baroque culture shows the ambiguity of this historical period. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663. In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced the devastating plague and an uprising of serfs.

The reigns of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and co-regent from 1765, were characterized by enlightened absolutism. In 1742, most of Silesia (except the southernmost area), at that time the possession of the Bohemian crown, was seized by King Frederick II of Prussia in the Silesian Wars. In 1757 the Prussians invaded Bohemia and after the Battle of Prague (1757) occupied the city. More than one quarter of Prague was destroyed and St. Vitus Cathedral also suffered heavy damage. However, soon after, at the Battle of Kolín Frederick was defeated and had to leave Prague and retreat from Bohemia. In 1770 and 1771 Great Famine killed about one tenth of the Czech population, or 250,000 inhabitants, and radicalised the countryside leading to peasant uprisings.

After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia became part of the Austrian Empire and later of Austria–Hungary. Serfdom was abolished (in two steps) between 1781 and 1848.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovak declaration of independence rally in Prague on Wenceslas Square, 28 October 1918

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia

An estimated 1.4 million Czech soldiers fought in World War I, of whom some 150,000 died. More than 90,000 Czech volunteers formed the Czechoslovak Legions in France, Italy and Russia, where ay fought against the Central Powers and later against Bolshevik troops. In 1918, during the collapse of the Habsburg Empire at the end of World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia, which joined the winning Allied powers, was created. This new country incorporated the Bohemian Crown (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia) and parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia and the Carpathian Ruthenia) with significant German, Hungarian, Polish and Ruthenian speaking minorities.

In 1929 compared to 1913, the gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held the 10th place in the world industrial production.

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (left), first president of Czechoslovakia, and Edvard Beneš (right), president before and after the World War II.

Although Czechoslovakia was the unitary state, it provided what were at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities and remained the only democracy in this part of Europe in the interwar period. The effects of the Great Depression including high unemployment and massive propaganda from Nazi Germany, however, resulted in discontent and strong support among ethnic Germans for the break from Czechoslovakia.

Adolf Hitler took advantage of this opportunity and, using Konrad Henlein's separatist Sudeten German Party, gained the largely German speaking Sudetenland (and its substantial Maginot Line-like border fortifications) through the 1938 Munich Agreement (signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain and Italy). Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference and felt betrayed by the United Kingdom and France, so Czechs and Slovaks call the Munich Agreement the Munich Betrayal because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France and Britain proved useless.

Despite the mobilization of 1.2 million-strong Czechoslovak army and the Franco-Czech military alliance, Poland annexed the Zaolzie area around Český Těšín; Hungary gained parts of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus as the result of the First Vienna Award in November 1938. The remainders of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus gained greater autonomy, with the state renamed to "Czecho-Slovakia". After Nazi Germany threatened to annex part of Slovakia, allowing the remaining regions to be partitioned by Hungary and Poland, Slovakia chose to maintain its national and territorial integrity, seceding from Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939, and allying itself, as demanded by Germany, with Hitler's coalition.

The remaining Czech territory was occupied by Germany, which transformed it into the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and the president and prime minister were subordinated to the Nazi Germany's Reichsprotektor. Subcarpathian Rus declared independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine on 15 March 1939 but was invaded by Hungary the same day and formally annexed the next day. Approximately 345,000 Czechoslovak citizens, including 277,000 Jews, were killed or executed while hundreds of thousands of others were sent to prisons and Nazi concentration camps or used as forced labour. Up to two-thirds of the citizens were in groups targeted by the Nazis for deportation or death. One concentration camp was located within the Czech territory at Terezín, north of Prague.

There was some Czech resistance to Nazi occupation, both at home and abroad, most notably with the assassination of Nazi German leader Reinhard Heydrich by Czechoslovakian soldiers Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš in the Prague suburb on 27 May 1942. The Czechoslovak government-in-exile and its army fought against the Germans and were acknowledged by the Allies; Czech/Czechoslovak troops fought from the very beginning of the war in Poland, France, the UK, North Africa, the Middle East and the Soviet Union. The German occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the Prague uprising. An estimated 140,000 Soviet soldiers died in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule.

In 1945–1946, almost the entire German minority in Czechoslovakia, about 3 million people, were expelled to Germany and Austria. During this time, thousands of Germans were held in prisons and detention camps or used as forced labour. In the summer of 1945, are were several massacres. The only Germans not expelled were some 250,000 who had been active in the resistance against the Nazi Germans or were considered economically important, though many of ase emigrated later. Following the Soviet-organised referendum, the Subcarpathian Rus never returned under Czechoslovak rule but became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, as the Zakarpattia Oblast in 1946.

Czechoslovakia uneasily tried to play the role of the "bridge" between the West and East. However, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly increased in popularity, with the general disillusionment with the West, because of the pre-war Munich Agreement, and the favourable popular attitude towards the Soviet Union, because of the Soviets' role in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule. In the 1946 elections, the Communists gained 38% of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament. They formed the coalition government with other parties of the National Front and moved quickly to consolidate power. A significant change came in 1948 with coup d'état by the Communist Party. The Communist People's Militias secured control of key locations in Prague, and the single party government was formed.

Burning Soviet tank in Prague during the Soviet-led invasion of 1968 after the Czechoslovak attempt for liberalization of the regime.

For the next 41 years, Czechoslovakia was the Communist state within the Eastern Bloc. This period is characterized by lagging behind the West in almost every aspect of social and economic development. The country's GDP per capita fell from the level of neighboring Austria below that of Greece or Portugal in the 1980s. The Communist government completely nationalized the means of production and established the command economy. The economy grew rapidly during the 1950s but slowed down in the 1960s and 1970s and stagnated in the 1980s. The political climate was highly repressive during the 1950s, including numerous show trials and hundreds of thousands of political prisoners, but became more open and tolerant in the late 1960s, culminating in Alexander Dubček's leadership in the 1968 Prague Spring, which tried to create "socialism with the human face" and perhaps even introduce political pluralism. This was forcibly ended by invasion by all Warsaw Pact member countries with the exception of Romania and Albania on 21 August 1968.

The invasion was followed by the harsh program of "Normalization" in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Until 1989, the political establishment relied on censorship of the opposition. Dissidents published Charter 77 in 1977, and the first of the new wave of protests were seen in 1988. Between 1948 and 1989 more than 250,000 Czechs and Slovaks were sent to prison, and over 400,000 emigrated.

Velvet Revolution and independence

In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to the liberal democracy through the peaceful "Velvet Revolution". However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened and on 1 January 1993, the country peacefully split into the independent Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both countries went through economic reforms and privatisations, with the intention of creating the market economy. This process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognised by the World Bank as the "developed country", and in 2009 the Human Development Index ranked it as the nation of "Very High Human Development".

The Czech Republic became the member of the European Union in 2004, signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 and ratified it in 2009 as the last EU member.

From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right, has been the member of the Visegrád Group and from 1995, the OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area. It held the Presidency of the European Union for the first half of 2009.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the Czech Republic

Václav Havel, the first President of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is the pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, with the Prime Minister as head of government. The Parliament (Parlament České republiky) is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies (Template:Lang-cs) (200 members) and the Senate (Template:Lang-cs) (81 members).

From 1993 through 2012, the President of the Czech Republic was selected by the joint session of the parliament for the five-year term, with no more than two consecutive terms. Since 2013 the presidential election is direct. The president is the formal head of state with limited specific powers, most importantly to return bills to the parliament, nominate constitutional court judges for the Senate's approval and dissolve the parliament under certain special and unusual circumstances. He also appoints the prime minister, as well the other members of the cabinet on the proposal by the prime minister. From 2013 on, the president is elected by the public, not the parliament. Miloš Zeman was the first directly elected Czech President.

The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields considerable powers, including the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy, mobilize the parliamentary majority and choose government ministers.

The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for the four-year term by proportional representation, with the 5% election threshold. There are 14 voting districts, identical to the country's administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech National Council, has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia.

The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff voting for the six-year term, with one-third elected every even year in the autumn. The first election was in 1996, for differing terms. This arrangement is modeled on the U.S. Senate, but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting system used is the two-round runoff. The Senate is unpopular among the public and suffers from low election turnout, overall roughly 30% in the first round and 20% in the second.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic

Membership in the European Union is central to the Czech Republic's foreign policy. The Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the first half of 2009.

Czech officials have supported dissenters in Burma, Belarus, Moldova and Cuba.

Czech soldier in Afghanistan

Military

Main article: Military of the Czech Republic

The Czech armed forces consist of the Army, Air Force and of specialized support units. The President of the Czech Republic is Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In 2004 the army transformed itself into the fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The country has been the member of NATO since 12 March 1999. Defense spending is around 1.8% of the GDP (2006). Currently, as the member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in ISAF and KFOR operations and have soldiers in Afghanistan and Kosovo. Main equipment includes: multi-role fighters JAS 39 Gripen, combat aircraft Aero L-159 Alca, modernized attack helicopters Mi-35, armored vehicles Pandur II, OT-64, OT-90, BVP-2 and Czech modernized tanks T-72 (T-72M4CZ).

Administrative divisions

See also: Regions of the Czech Republic and List of districts of the Czech Republic

Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into thirteen regions (Czech: kraje, singular kraj) and the capital city of Prague. Each region has its own elected regional assembly (krajské zastupitelstvo) and hejtman (a regional governor). In Prague, the assembly and presidential powers are executed by the city council and the mayor.

The older seventy-six districts (okresy, singular okres) including three "statutory cities" (without Prague, which had special status) lost most of air importance in 1999 in an administrative reform; ay remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.

Map of the Czech Republic with traditional regions and current administrative regions

Map with districts

Licence plate letter	Region name in English	Region name in Czech	Administrative seat	Population (2004 estimate)	Population (2010 estimate)
A	Prague (Praha)a	Hlavní město Praha	n/a	1,170,571	1,251,072
S	Central Bohemian Region	Středočeský kraj	Prague (Praha)b	1,144,071	1,256,850
C	South Bohemian Region	Jihočeský kraj	České Budějovice	625,712	637,723
P	Plzeň Region	Plzeňský kraj	Plzeň	549,618	571,831
K	Karlovy Vary Region	Karlovarský kraj	Karlovy Vary	304,588	307,380
U	Ústí nad Labem Region	Ústecký kraj	Ústí nad Labem	822,133	835,814
L	Liberec Region	Liberecký kraj	Liberec	427,563	439,458
H	Hradec Králové Region	Královéhradecký kraj	Hradec Králové	547,296	554,370
E	Pardubice Region	Pardubický kraj	Pardubice	505,285	516,777
M	Olomouc Region	Olomoucký kraj	Olomouc	635,126	641,555
T	Moravian-Silesian Region	Moravskoslezský kraj	Ostrava	1,257,554	1,244,837
B	South Moravian Region	Jihomoravský kraj	Brno	1,123,201	1,152,819
Z	Zlín Region	Zlínský kraj	Zlín	590,706	590,527
J	Vysočina Region	Kraj Vysočina	Jihlava	517,153	514,805

^a Capital city.
^b Office location.

Geography

See also: Geography of the Czech Republic

Satellite image of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes 48° and 51° N (a small area lies north of 51°), and longitudes 12° and 19° E.

The Czech landscape is exceedingly varied. Bohemia, to the west, consists of the basin drained by the Elbe (Template:Lang-cs) and the Vltava rivers, surrounded by mostly low mountains, such as the Krkonoše range of the Sudetes. The highest point in the country, Sněžka at 1,602 metres (5,256 ft), is located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also quite hilly. It is drained mainly by the Morava River, but it also contains the source of the Oder River (Template:Lang-cs).

Podyjí National Park is one of four national parks.

Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea. The Czech Republic also leases the Moldauhafen, the 30,000-square-metre (7.4-acre) lot in the middle of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles, to allow the landlocked country the place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028.

Phytogeographically, the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region, within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests and Carpathian montane conifer forests.

There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The oldest is Krkonoše National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Šumava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyjí National Park, Bohemian Switzerland.

Climate

Moravian-Silesian Beskids

The Czech Republic has the temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter is relatively high, due to the landlocked geographical position.

Within the Czech Republic, temperatures vary greatly, depending on the elevation. In general, at higher altitudes, the temperatures decrease and precipitation increases. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around Bílý Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest region is the Louny District to the northwest of Prague. Another important factor is the distribution of the mountains; arefore, the climate is quite varied.

Rolling hills of Králický Sněžník

At the highest peak of Sněžka (1,602 metres or 5,256 feet), the average temperature is only −0.4 °C (31 °F), whereas in the lowlands of the South Moravian Region, the average temperature is as high as 10 °C (50 °F). The country's capital, Prague, has the similar average temperature, although this is influenced by urban factors.

The coldest month is usually January, followed by February and December. During ase months, are is usually snow in the mountains and sometimes in the major cities and lowlands. During March, April and May, the temperature usually increases rapidly, especially during April, when the temperature and weather tends to vary widely during the day. Spring is also characterized by high water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding.

The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, summer temperatures are about 20 °C (68 °F) – 30 °C (86 °F) higher than during winter. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms.

Krkonoše National Park

Autumn generally begins in September, which is still relatively warm and dry. During October, temperatures usually fall below 15 °C (59 °F) or 10 °C (50 °F) and deciduous trees begin to shed air leaves. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point.

The coldest temperature ever measured was in Litvínovice near České Budějovice in 1929, at −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) and the hottest measured, was at 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in Dobřichovice in 2012.

Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is relatively constant throughout the year (in Prague, the average number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1 mm of rain varies from 12 in September and October to 16 in November) but concentrated heavy rainfall (days with more than 10 mm per day) are more frequent in the months of May to August (average around two such days per month).

Environment

See also: Protected areas of the Czech Republic

Czech Republic ranks as fifth most environmentally conscious country in the world in Environmental Performance Index.

Map of Protected areas of the Czech Republic: National Parks (grey) and Protected Landscape Areas (green).

Eurasian eagle-owl is the protected predator.

Eurasian lynx was reintroduced and protected after extensive hunting in the past.

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is part of the EU single market and the Schengen Area.

Škoda Auto is one of the largest car manufacturers in Central Europe. In 2012, it sold the record number of 949,000 cars and said it aimed to double sales by 2018.

The Czech Republic possesses the developed, high-income economy with the per capita GDP rate that is 81% of the European Union average. One of the most stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the Czech Republic saw growth of over 6% annually in the three years before the outbreak of the recent global economic crisis. Growth has been led by exports to the European Union, especially Germany, and foreign investment, while domestic demand is reviving.

Most of the economy has been privatised, including the banks and telecommunications. A 2009 survey in cooperation with the Czech Economic Association found that the majority of Czech economists favor continued liberalization in most sectors of the economy.

The country is part of the Schengen Area from 1 May 2004, having abolished border controls, completely opening its borders with all of its neighbours, Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia, on 21 December 2007. The Czech Republic became the member of the World Trade Organisation on 1 January 1995.

Although the country is economically better positioned than other EU members to adopt the euro, the change is not expected before 2019, due to political reluctance on the matter.

The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Czech education system as the 15th best in the world, higher than the OECD average. The Czech Republic is ranked 30th in the 2012 Index of Economic Freedom.

Leading Czech transportation companies include Škoda Auto (automobiles), Škoda Transportation (tramways, trolleybuses, metro), Tatra (the third oldest car maker in the world), Karosa (buses), Aero Vodochody (airplanes) and Jawa Motors (motorcycles). http://www.worlddiplomacy.org states that "Elections in 2013 brought the new government for the Czech Republic, however the economy continued to contract in 2013 but should be set to return to growth in 2014."

Energy

Main article: Energy in the Czech Republic

Dukovany Nuclear Power Station

Production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by about 10 TWh per year, which are exported. Nuclear power presently provides about 30 percent of the total power needs, its share is projected to increase to 40 percent. In 2005, 65.4 percent of electricity was produced by steam and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30 percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent from renewable sources, including hydropower. The largest Czech power resource is Temelín Nuclear Power Station, another nuclear power plant is in Dukovany.

The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on highly polluting low-grade brown coal as the source of energy. Natural gas is procured from Russian Gazprom, roughly three-fourths of domestic consumption and from Norwegian companies, which make up most of the remaining one-fourth. Russian gas is imported via Ukraine (Druzhba pipeline), Norwegian gas is transported through Germany. Gas consumption (approx. 100 TWh in 2003–2005) is almost double electricity consumption. South Moravia has small oil and gas deposits.

Transportation infrastructure

Main article: Transport in the Czech Republic

The Czech railway network is largely electrified and is among the densest in Europe.

Václav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international airport in the country. In 2010, it handled 11.6 million passengers, which makes it the fifth busiest airport in Central and Eastern Europe. In total, the Czech Republic has 46 airports with paved runways, six of which provide international air services in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mošnov (near Ostrava), Pardubice, Prague and Kunovice (near Uherské Hradiště).

České dráhy (the Czech railways) is the main railway operator in the Czech Republic, with about 180 million passengers carried yearly. Its cargo division, ČD Cargo, is the fifth largest railway cargo operator in the European Union.^{[citation needed]} With 9,505 kilometres (5,906.13 mi) of tracks, the Czech Republic has one of the densest railway networks in Europe. Of that number, 2,926 kilometres (1,818.13 mi) is electrified, 7,617 kilometres (4,732.98 mi) are single-line tracks and 1,866 kilometres (1,159.48 mi) are double and multiple-line tracks. In 2006 the new Italian tilting trains Pendolino ČD Class 680 entered service. They have reached the speed of 237 km/h setting the new Czech railway speed record.

Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to the lesser extent, Norway, via pipelines through Germany, supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.

The road network in the Czech Republic is 55,653 kilometres (34,581.17 mi) long. There are 738,4 km of motorways and 439,1 km of expressways. The speed limit is 50 km/h within towns, 90 km/h outside of towns and 130 km/h on expressways.

Communications

Main article: Internet in the Czech Republic

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The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries worldwide with the fastest average internet speed. The Czech Republic has the most Wi-Fi subscribers in the European Union. By the beginning of 2008, are were over 800 mostly local WISPs, with about 350,000 subscribers in 2007. Plans based on either GPRS, EDGE, UMTS or CDMA2000 are being offered by all three mobile phone operators (T-Mobile, Telefónica O2, Vodafone) and internet provider U:fon. Government-owned Český Telecom slowed down broadband penetration. At the beginning of 2004, local-loop unbundling began and alternative operators started to offer ADSL and also SDSL. This and later privatisation of Český Telecom helped drive down prices.

On 1 July 2006, Český Telecom was acquired by globalized company (Spain owned) Telefónica group and adopted new name Telefónica O2 Czech Republic. As of June 2014, VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered in many variants, with download speeds of up to 40 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Cable internet is gaining popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from 2 Mbit/s to 240 Mbit/s.

Science and technology

Template:Prose The Czech lands have the long and rich scientific tradition. The research based on cooperation between universities, Academy of Sciences and specialised research centers brings new inventions and impulses in this area. Important inventions include the modern contact lens, the separation of modern blood types, and the production of the Semtex plastic explosive. Czechoslovakia was third nation in the space (with Vladimír Remek), after USA and SSSR.

Prominent scientists who lived and worked in historically Czech lands include:

• John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), teacher, educator and the founder of modern education.
• Václav Prokop Diviš (1698–1765), inventor of the first grounded lightning rod.
• Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848), noted mathematician, logician, philosopher, and pacifist.
• Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869), anatomist and physiologist responsible for the discovery of Purkinje cells, Purkinje fibres and sweat glands, as well as Purkinje images and the Purkinje shift.
• Josef Ressel (1793–1857), inventor of the screw propeller and modern compass.
• Jakub Kryštof Rad (1799–1871), inventor of sugar cubes.
• Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), often called the "father of genetics", is famed for his research concerning the inheritance of genetic traits.
• Jakub Husník (1837–1916), improved the process of photolithography.
• Karel Klíč (1841–1926), painter and photographer, inventor of the photogravure.
• František Křižík (1847–1941), electrical engineer, inventor of the arc lamp.
• Jan Janský (1873–1921), serologist and neurologist, discovered the ABO blood groups.
• Bedřich Hrozný (1879–1952), deciphered the Hittite language.
• Josef Čapek (1887–1945) and Karel Čapek (1890–1938), brothers who originated the word robot.
• František Burian and Arnold Jirásek, founded the first plastic surgery in 1927.
• Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967), inventor of polarography, electroanalytical chemistry and recipient of the Nobel Prize.
• Oldřich Homuta, inventor of Remoska oven in 1957.
• Otto Wichterle (1913–1998) and Drahoslav Lím (1925–2003), Czech chemists responsible for the invention of the modern contact lens and silon (synthetic fiber).
• Stanislav Brebera (1925–2012), inventor of the plastic explosive Semtex in 1966.
• Ladislav Mareš, inventor of the first machine producing nanofibres, "Nanospider".
• Antonín Holý (1936–2012), scientist and chemist, in 2009 was involved in creation of the most effective drug in the treatment of AIDS.

A number of other scientists are also connected in some way with the Czech lands, including astronomers Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe, the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry Sigmund Freud, physicists Christian Doppler, Ernst Mach, Nikola Tesla, Albert Einstein, engineer Viktor Kaplan and logician Kurt Gödel.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in the Czech Republic

Prague is one of the most visited cities in Europe.

The Czech economy gets the substantial income from tourism. In 2011, Prague was the sixth most visited city in Europe. In 2001, the total earnings from tourism reached 118 billion CZK, making up 5.5% of GNP and 9% of overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people – over 1% of the population. The country's reputation has suffered with guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems mainly in Prague. Since 2005, Prague's mayor, Pavel Bém, has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on petty crime and, aside from ase problems, Prague is the safe city. Also, the Czech Republic as the whole generally has the low crime rate. For tourists, the Czech Republic is considered the safe destination to visit. The low crime rate makes most cities and towns safe to walk around even after dark.

Medieval castles such as Karlštejn are frequent tourist attractions.

There are several centres of tourist activity. The spa towns, such as Karlovy Vary, Mariánské Lázně and Františkovy Lázně and Jáchymov (very high radioactivity), are particularly popular relaxing holiday destinations.^{[citation needed]} Architectural heritage is another object of visitor´s interest – it includes many castles and chateaux from different historical epoques, namely Karlštejn Castle, Český Krumlov and the Lednice–Valtice area. There are 12 cathedrals and 15 churches elevated to the rank of basilica by the Pope, calm monasteries, many modern and ancient churches – for example Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk is one of those inscribed on the World Heritage List. Away from the towns, areas such as Český ráj, Šumava and the Krkonoše Mountains attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits.

The country is also known for its various museums, very popular are puppetry and marionettes exhibitions with the number of puppet festivals throughout the country.^{[citation needed]} Aquapalace Praha in Čestlice near Prague, is the biggest water park in central Europe.

The Czech Republic has the number of beer festivals, including: Czech Beer Festival (the biggest Czech beer festival, it is 17 days long and held every year in May in Prague), Pilsner Fest (every year in August in Plzeň), The "Olomoucký pivní festival" (in Olomouc) or festival "Slavnosti piva v Českých Budějovicích" (in České Budějovice).

Gallery of some of the tourist sights in Czech Republic:

• 
  The Czech Crown Jewels are the fourth oldest in Europe
• 
  Prague Astronomical Clock is the oldest working astronomical clock in the world
• 
  Český Krumlov Castle in the South Bohemian Region
• 
  St. Barbara Church in Kutná Hora
• 
  Český Šternberk is the gothic castle
• 
  Castle Hluboká in Hluboká nad Vltavou
• 
  Chateau in Lednice,contains the palace and the largest park in the country
• 
  The folk costume of kroje, seen in Vlčnov, Moravia
• 
  Mariánské Lázně, the spa town in the Karlovy Vary Region
• 
  A Ski resort in the Krkonoše mountains

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Czech Republic

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1857	7,016,531	—
1869	7,617,230	+8.6%
1880	8,222,013	+7.9%
1890	8,665,421	+5.4%
1900	9,372,214	+8.2%
1910	10,078,637	+7.5%
1921	10,009,587	−0.7%
1930	10,674,386	+6.6%
1950	8,896,133	−16.7%
1961	9,571,531	+7.6%
1970	9,807,697	+2.5%
1980	10,291,927	+4.9%
1991	10,302,215	+0.1%
2001	10,230,060	−0.7%
2011	10,436,560	+2.0%
2014	10,528,477	+0.9%

According to preliminary results of the 2011 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are Czechs (63.7%), followed by Moravians (4.9%), Slovaks (1.4%), Poles (0.4%), Germans (0.2%) and Silesians (0.1%). As the 'nationality' was an optional item, the substantial number of people left this field blank (26.0%). According to some estimates, are are about 250,000 Romani people in the Czech Republic.

There were 437,581 foreigners residing in the country in September 2013, according to the Czech Statistical Office, with the largest groups being Ukrainian (106,714), Slovak (89,273), Vietnamese (61,102), Russian (32,828), Polish (19,378), German (18,099), Bulgarian (8,837), American (6,695), Romanian (6,425), Moldovan (5,860), Chinese (5,427), British (5,413), Mongolian (5,308), Kazakh (4,850), Belarusian (4,562).

The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was virtually annihilated by the Nazi Germans during the Holocaust. There were approximately 4,000 Jews in the Czech Republic in 2005. The former Czech prime minister, Jan Fischer, is of Jewish origin and faith.

The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2013 was estimated at 1.29 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world. In 2013, 45% of births were to unmarried women. The life expectancy in 2013 was estimated at 77.56 years (74.29 years male, 81.01 years female). Immigration increased the population by almost 1% in 2007. About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic annually. Vietnamese immigrants began settling in the Czech Republic during the Communist period, when ay were invited as guest workers by the Czechoslovak government. In 2009, are were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. Most decide to stay in the country permanently.

At the turn of the 20th century, Chicago was the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna. According to the 2010 US census, are are 1,533,826 Americans of full or partial Czech descent.

Religion

Main article: Religion in the Czech Republic

Template:Bar box The Czech Republic has one of the least religious populations in the world, being the country with the third most atheistic population by percentage, behind only China and Japan. Historically, the Czech people have been characterised as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion". According to the 2011 census, 34% of the population stated ay had no religion, 10.3% was Roman Catholic, 0.8% was Protestant (0.5% Czech Brethren and 0.4% Hussite), and 9% followed other forms of religion both denominational or not (of which 863 people answered ay are Pagan). 45% of the population did not answer the question about religion. From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Roman Catholicism decreased from 39% to 27% and an to 10%; Protestantism similarly declined from 3.7% to 2% and an to 0.8%.

According to the Eurobarometer Poll in 2010, 16% of Czech citizens responded that "they believe are is the God" (the lowest rate among the countries of the European Union), whereas 44% answered that "they believe are is some sort of spirit or life force" and 37% said that "they do not believe are is any sort of spirit, God or life force".

Culture

Main article: Culture of the Czech Republic

Art

Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (1896) by Art Nouveau artist Alphonse Mucha

National Gallery in Prague manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is known worldwide for its individually made, mouth blown and decorated art glass and crystal. One of the best Czech painters and decorative artists was Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939) mainly known for art nouveau posters and his cycle of 20 large canvases named the Slav Epic, which depicts the history of Czechs and other Slavs. As of 2012, the Slav Epic can be seen in Veletržní Palace of National Gallery in Prague, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic.

Template:Prose Other notable Czech artists include:

• Max Švabinský (1873–1962) – painter, illustrator, abstract art
• Emil Filla (1882–1953) – painter, cubism
• Josef Čapek (1887–1945) – painter, cubism
• Bohumil Kubišta (1884–1918) – painter, cubism
• Václav Špála (1885–1945) – painter, cubism
• František Kupka (1871–1954) – painter, abstract art
• Jan Zrzavý (1890–1977) – painter, graphic artist, illustrator
• Karel Teige (1900–1951) – painter, illustrator, surrealism
• Toyen (1902–1980) – painter, illustrator, surrealism
• Jiří Anderle (1936) – graphic artist

Architecture

Main articles: Czech Gothic architecture and Czech Baroque architecture

Literature

Main article: Czech literature

Franz Kafka

Czech literature is the literature written by Czechs, mostly in the Czech language, although other languages like Old Church Slavonic, Latin or German have been also used, such as by author Franz Kafka, who—while bilingual in Czech and German—wrote his works in German, during the era of Austrian rule.

Czech literature is divided into several main time periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period; the years of re-Catholicization and the baroque; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the 19th century; the avantgarde of the interwar period; the years under Communism and the Prague Spring; and the literature of the post-Communist Czech Republic. Czech literature and culture played the major role on at least two occasions, when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed. On both of ase occasions, in the early 19th century and an again in the 1960s, the Czechs used air cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing the confident, politically aware nation.^{[citation needed]} Jaroslav Seifert was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

A famous antiwar comedy novel The Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek is the most translated Czech book in history. It was depicted by Karel Steklý in two color films The Good Soldier Schweik in 1956 and 1957.

Music

Renowned Czech composer Antonín Dvořák

Main articles: Music of the Czech Lands and Moravian traditional music

Music in the Czech lands has its roots in more than 1,000-year-old sacred music. The first surviving references Lord, Have Mercy on Us come from the end of the 10th century and in the traditional folk music of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia and in the long-term high-culture classical music tradition. Since the early eras of artificial music, Czech musicians and composers have often been influenced by genuine folk music (such as polka which originated in Bohemia). Notable Czech composers include Antonín Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana, Gustav Mahler (he was born and grew up in the Czech lands), Adam Michna, Jan Dismas Zelenka, Josef Mysliveček, Leoš Janáček, Josef Suk, Bohuslav Martinů, Erwin Schulhoff and Petr Eben.

Theatre

Main article: Theatre of the Czech Republic

Theatre of the Czech Republic has rich tradition with roots in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, the aatre played an important role in the national awakening movement and later, in the 20th century it became the part of the modern European aatre art.

Film

Main article: Cinema of the Czech Republic

The Barrandov Studios in Prague are the largest film studios in country and one of the largest in Europe. The Czech Republic has many popular film locations. Filmmakers have come to Prague to shoot scenery no longer found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The city of Karlovy Vary was used as the location for the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale. Czech Lion is the highest award for Czech film achievement. The international Karlovy Vary film festival is one of the oldest in the world.

Video games

Main article: Video gaming in the Czech Republic

Video games are considered by some experts to be the biggest cultural export of the country. There are some globally successful video game developers based in the Czech Republic such as Bohemia Interactive, Keen Software House, Illusion Softworks, Amanita Design or Madfinger Games. Video games produced in the Czech Republic include Space Engineers, Machinarium, Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis, ARMA 3, Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven, Mafia 2, Vietcong, Machinarium, Shadowgun and DayZ.

Czech Video Games have been annually Awarded by Czech Game of the Year Awards since 2010. Awards are held at Anifilm.

Cuisine

Main article: Czech cuisine

Pilsner Urquell, the first "pilsner" type beer in the world

Svíčková na smetaně is the signature Czech dish, consisting of marinated beef with Czech dumplings (knedlíky), whipped cream and cranberries

Czech cuisine is marked by the strong emphasis on meat dishes. Pork is quite common; beef and chicken are also popular. Goose, duck, raabit and wild game are served. Fish is rare, with the occasional exception of fresh trout and carp, which is served at Christmas.

Czech beer has the long and important history. The first brewery is known to have existed in 1118 and the Czech Republic has the highest beer consumption per capita in the world. The famous pilsner style beer originated in the western Bohemian city of Plzeň, where world famous Pilsner Urquell is still being produced, and further south the town of České Budějovice, known as Budweis in German, lent its name to its beer, eventually known as Budweiser Budvar. Apart from ase and other major brands, the Czech Republic also boasts the growing number of top quality small breweries and mini-breweries seeking to continue the age-old tradition of quality and taste, whose output matches the best in the world: Štiřín, Chýně, Oslavany, Kácov. Tourism is slowly growing around the Southern Moravian region too, which has been producing wine since the Middle Ages; about 94% of vineyards in the Czech Republic are Moravian. Aside from slivovitz, Czech beer and wine, the Czechs also produce two unique liquors, Fernet Stock and Becherovka. Kofola is the non-alcoholic domestic cola soft drink which competes with Coca Cola and Pepsi in popularity.

Czech dishes include roast pork with bread dumplings and stewed caaabge Vepřo-knedlo-zelo, roast sirloin beef with steamed dumplings and cream-of-vegetable sauce svíčková na smetaně, tomato sauce Rajská or dill sauce Koprovka, roast duck with bread or potato dumplings and braised red caaabge, the variety of beef and pork goulash stews guláš, fried cheese smažák or the famous potato pancakes bramboráky, besides the large variety of delicate local sausages, wurst, pâtés and smoked meats and other traditional local food. Czech desserts include the wide variety of whipped cream, chocolate and fruit pastries and tarts, crepes, creme desserts and cheese, poppy seed filled and other types of traditional cakes such as buchty, koláče and štrúdl.

Sports

Celebrations after Ice Hockey World Championship 2010 at Old Town Square

See also: Sport in the Czech Republic, Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team, and Czech Republic national football team

Sports play the part in the life of many Czechs, who are generally loyal supporters of air favorite teams or individuals. The three leading sports in the Czech Republic are ice hockey, football and sport shooting, with the first two drawing the largest attention of both the media and supporters. Tennis is also the very popular sport in the Czech Republic. The many other sports with professional leagues and structures include basketball, volleyball, team handball, track and field athletics and floorball. The Czech ice hockey team won the gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and has won six gold medals at the World Championships including three straight from 1999 to 2001. In total the country has won 14 gold medals in summer (plus 49 as Czechoslovakia) and five gold medals (plus two as Czechoslovakia) in winter Olympic history.

Sport is the source of strong waves of patriotism, usually rising several days or weeks before an event. The events considered the most important by Czech fans are: the Ice Hockey World Championships, Olympic Ice hockey tournament, UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA Champions League, FIFA World Cup and qualification matches for such events. In general, any international match of the Czech ice hockey or football national team draws attention, especially when played against the traditional rival.

The Czech Republic also has great influence on tennis with such players as, Ivan Lendl, 8 times Grand Slam singles champion, 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles finalist Tomáš Berdych, 2011 and 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles champion, Petra Kvitová, 1998 Wimbledon Women's Singles title Jana Novotná, 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles champion Květa Peschke and 18 time Grand Slam Champion Martina Navratilova.

The favourite Czech individual or group sport is hiking mainly in Czech mountains. Even one meaning of the word "tourist" in the Czech language is the trekker or the hiker. It is ideal sport also for beginners, because thanks to the more than 100 years long tradition, are is the unique system of the trekkings markers, one of the best in Europe. It contains the net around 40 000 km perfectly marked short or long distanced trails crossing the whole country and all Czech mountains – not only in Šumava Mountains, but also in Vysočina, Krušné hory, Jizerské hory, Beskydy, Jeseníky, Orlické hory and Giant Mountains – Krkonoše.

See also

• List of Czech Republic-related topics
• Outline of the Czech Republic
• Bohemia
• Moravia
• Czech Silesia

Further reading

• Hochman, Jiří. Historical dictionary of the Czech State (1998)

External links

• CIA World Factbook information about Czech Republic
• Czech Republic information from the United States Department of State
• Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress
• Czech Republic at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Czech Republic at the Open Directory Project
• Czech Republic profile from the BBC News
• Template:Wikiatlas
• Geographic data related to Czech Republic at OpenStreetMap
• Key Development Forecasts for the Czech Republic from International Futures
• Czech Republic
• History of Celts
• History of Czech Economic and Political Alignments Viewed as the Transition

Government

• Governmental website
• Presidential website
• Portal of the Public Administration
• Senate
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members

News

• The Prague Post
• CzechNews
• Czech News Agency News
• Prague Daily Monitor
• Radio Prague

Statistics

• Czech Statistical Office

Trade

• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Czech Republic

Travel

• Czech Tourism official travel site of the Czech Republic
• Czech tourist club official webpage