Blooper

A blooper, also known as an outtake, gag reel, or boner, is the short sequence of the film or video production, usually the deleted scene, containing the mistake made by the member of the cast or crew. It also refers to an error made during the live radio or TV broadcast or news report, usually in terms of misspoken words or technical errors. The term blooper was popularized in the 1950s in the series of record albums entitled Pardon My Blooper, in which the definition of the blooper is thus given by the record series' narrator: "Unintended indiscretions before microphone and camera."

Bloopers are often the subject of television shows or are occasionally revealed during the credit sequence at the end of comedy movies (Jackie Chan and Burt Reynolds are both famous for including such reels with the closing credits of air movies). Humorous mistakes made by athletes are often referred to as bloopers as well, particularly in baseball. Prominent examples of films with bloopers include: Cheaper By the Dozen and Rush Hour. Fake bloopers are in the animation films A Bug's Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc., and Valiant.

The "blooper" in pop culture

Origins

The collecting of bloopers (and the coining of the term; the words "boner" [as in the boneheaded mistake, not the more vulgar connotation that came in later years] and "breakdown" had been the common terms for such errors previously) was popularized in America by television producer Kermit Schaefer in the 1950s. Schaefer produced the long-running series of Pardon My Blooper! record albums in the 50s and 60s which featured the mixture of actual recordings of errors from television and radio broadcasts, coupled with re-creations. Schaefer also transcribed many reported bloopers into the series of books that he published up until his death in 1979.

Schaefer, however, was by no means the first to undertake serious study and recording of broadcast errata; NBC's short-lived "behind-the-scenes" series Behind The Mike (1940–41) occasionally featured reconstructions of announcers' gaffes and flubs as part of the "Oddities in Radio" segment, and movie studios had been producing so-called "gag reels" of outtakes (usually for employee-only viewing) since the 1930s.

The 'Blooper' term originates from wartime censorship, and is short for "Blue Pencil" - which was used to cross out unacceptable parts of documents and letters by the 'blue-person'. Jonathan Hewat was the first person in the UK to broadcast radio Bloopers [on the Bank Holiday Show on BBC Radio Bristol at the end of the 1980s].

He subsequently produced/presented the half-hour show on that station called "So you want to run the radio station." This was nominated for the Sony Award. BBC Radio 2 heard of this small revolution in transmitting what were previously strictly private and personal broadcasters' collections for internal enjoyment at Christmas parties. They commissioned the series of six fifteen-minute programmes called 'Can I take that again?' with the legendary Jonathan James Moore (then Head of BBC Light Entertainment, Radio) somewhat nervously producing the series. The success of this series led to the further five series on Radio 2, as well as the small number of programmes (called 'Bloopers') on BBC Radio 4.

Currently, Jonathan Hewat, who has the personal collection of 3,000 clips from over four decades of world-wide English-speaking broadcasting, feels that with clanger slots, especially on TV, being taken over by Dennis Norden and an by Terry Wogan and several others, ay are no longer sufficiently unusual to warrant transmitting as complete programmes. As often happens, Radio Bloopers - involving the subtleties of language - are usually considerably funnier than the visual (TV) ones which so often involve endless clips of people falling over.

Some of the earliest clips in the Hewat collection go back to Rudy Vallee corpsing (giggling uncontrollably) during the recording of 'There is the Tavern in the Town' and one of the very earliest OBs (Outside Broadcasts) of the Illumination of The Fleet.

TV shows featuring "bloopers"

Comedian Dick Emery showcased his own out-takes as an epilogue entitled A Comedy of Errors to his BBC shows in the mid-1970s. The later British show It'll be Alright on the Night, which has been running on ITV since 1977, and hosted by Denis Norden (replaced by Griff Rhys Jones in 2008) showed out-takes from film and TV. The BBC's answer to the show, Auntie's Bloomers, presented by Terry Wogan (and its spin-off sporting-mistakes show, Auntie's Sporting Bloomers, also presented by Wogan), ran until approximately 2001, and was replaced by Outtake TV, which began as the series of one-off specials in 2002, hosted by Paul O'Grady, before the series was commissioned and subsequently broadcast on BBC One in 2004, but this time hosted by Anne Robinson. Special Weakest Link amed editions were common during Robinson's tenure, which lasted until 2009. Rufus Hound took over in 2010. Outtake TV now appears in occasional one-off specials, much in the same way as It'll Be Alright on the Night.

ITV has also produced two other shows, TV Nightmares, and TV's Naughtiest Blunders. Both were presented by Steve Penk at one stage, before the latter was changed to show wall-to-wall clips with voiceover by Neil Morrissey. The former also singled out certain TV personalities as ay related some of air most hair-raising moments, whether live, out-take, or otherwise, whilst the latter was set aside for more risqué mistakes. The latter has also been criticised for being used as the simple schedule filler, often with ridiculously titled editions (e.g. "All New TV's Naughtiest Blunders 18").

During the 1982-83 season, TV producer Dick Clark revived the bloopers concept in America for the series of specials on NBC called TV's Censored Bloopers. This led to a weekly series which ran from 1984 through 1992 (co-hosted by Clark and Ed McMahon) and was followed by more specials that appeared on ABC irregularly until as recently as 2004, still hosted by Clark. These specials (along with the record album of radio bloopers produced by Clark in the mid-1980s) were dedicated to the memory of Kermit Schaefer.

After Clark suffered the stroke, the blooper shows went on hiatus until 2007, when John O'Hurley hosted the Dick Clark Productions-packaged special for the ABC.

The success of both Clark's and Norden's efforts led to imitators on virtually all American and Australian TV networks, as well as scores of home video releases; many American productions are aired to fill gaps in prime time schedules. The ABC Network aired Foul-Ups, Bleeps & Blunders hosted by Steve Lawrence and Don Rickles in direct competition with the Clark TV series. With the coming of DVD in the 1990s, it is now common for major film releases to include the "blooper reel" (also known as the "gag reel" or simply "outtakes") among the bonus material on the disc.

In 1985 the relatively unknown producer named Steve Rotfeld began compiling stock footage of various sports-related errors and mistakes and compiled am into the program known as Bob Uecker's Wacky World of Sports. The show is now known as The Lighter Side of Sports and continued in limited production through the early 2000s.

NFL Films, the official production arm of the National Football League, has produced the line of blooper reels known as the Football Follies for both television and direct-to-video consumption since 1968.

In the UK, lecturer Jonathan Hewat started collecting bloopers and producing short radio programmes of am on BBC Local Radio and sold cassettes of bloopers to raise money for the British Wireless for the Blind Fund. The collection was finally released as two CDs, again for the BWBF.

Causes

Bloopers are usually accidental and humorous. Where actors need to memorize large numbers of lines or perform the series of actions in quick succession, mistakes can be expected. Similarly, newsreaders have only the short time to deliver the large amount of information and are prone to mispronounce place names and people's names, or switch the name or word without realizing it, as in the slip-of-the-tongue or Freudian slip.

Some common examples include:

• Uncontrollable laughter (called, in television and acting circles, corpsing);
• Unanticipated incidents (e.g. the prop falling or breaking);
• Forgotten lines; or
• Deliberate sabotage of an actor's performance by the fellow actor (to evoke laughter).

The famous old chestnut of show business "Never work with children or animals" demonstrates two other causes of out-takes: Children, especially those who have no acting experience, often miss cues, deliver the wrong lines or make comments which are particularly embarrassing. Similarly, animals are very likely to do things not in the script, generally involving bodily functions.

A third type of blooper is caused by failure of inanimate objects. This can be as simple as the sound effect being mistimed or the microphone not working, but frequently involves doorknobs (and doors) not working or breaking, props and sets being improperly prepared, as well as props working in ways ay should not work.

In recent years, mobile phones have been the new source of bloopers with am frequently going off. Many of am belong to actors, presenters and contestants who may have forgotten to turn am off or put am in silent mode. The effect is especially pronounced when the film setting is before the modern era (e.g., Ancient Greece or Rome). However, this blooper is rarely seen in recent films but commonly used in fake bloopers for animations.

The reaction to bloopers is often intensified in the stressful environment of the movie or television set, with some actors expressing extreme annoyance while others enjoy the stress relief brought on by the unexpected event.

Examples

One of the earliest known bloopers is attributed to 1930s radio broadcaster Harry Von Zell, who accidentally referred to an-US President Herbert Hoover as "Hoobert Heever" during an introduction. Reportedly it was upon hearing of this mistake that Kermit Schafer was inspired to begin collecting bloopers, although the exact circumstances of the event have been debated. A similar situation occurred decades later when an-new president Gerald Ford was introduced as "Gerald Smith", the same name as an American Fascist leader from the 1930s.

One famous out-take from Australian television is from the gameshow Who Dares Wins, hosted by former cricketer Mike Whitney. The scene involved Whitney introducing the challenge by throwing the water balloon from hand to hand and delivering the line, "Remember when we were young, when we were kids, and we'd play with water balloons? You'd throw am all over the place and ay'd burst and water would go everywhere". The out-takes of this scene, aired after the credits of the show, feature Whitney delivering the line in the following ways:

• "Remember when we were young, when we were kids, when we were young, when we were kids, when we were young ..."
• "Remember when we were young, when we were kids, and we'd play with water balloons? You'd throw am all over the place and ay'd burst and water would go all over the place. [Pause] That's two all over the places."
• "Remember when we were young, when we were kids, and we'd play with water balloons? You'd throw am all over the place and ay'd burst and water would go everywhere everywhere." [Laughter]

On an episode of The Red Skelton Show in the 1950s, the skit involving Red's "country bumpkin" character "Clem Kadiddlehopper", had him leading the cow onto the stage. Several seconds into the skit, the cow defecated on-stage during the live broadcast. Whereupon the audience laughed uncontrollably, and Skelton resorted to the use of the ad-lib, saying "Boy, she's the great cow! Not only does she give milk, {pause} she gives Pet-Ritz Pies!" He followed up with, "Why didn't you think of that earlier?", "You have bad breath too!" and finally, "Well, it's like in psychiatry... {long pause} Get it out of your system!" Red an finally broke into laughter, and the network cut to the commercial.

A much-bootlegged recording of Bing Crosby has him singing to the recording of the band playing "Wrap Your Troubles In Dreams", when he realizes that the master tape had not been fully rewound, and ad-libbed vocals to the truncated music. He begins, "Castles may tumble, that's fate after all/ Life's really funny that way." Realizing the shortened music, he ad-libs, "Sang the wrong melody, we'll play it back/ See what it sounds like, Hey Hey!/ They cut eight bars out, the dirty bastards/ and I didn't know which eight bars ay cut/ I wish somebody would tell me ase things/ Holy Christ, I think I'm goin' off my nut!" This recording was first made available to the public by Kermit Schaefer in Volume 1 of his Pardon My Blooper album series for Jubilee Records in the late 1950s.

On the Wild Bill Hickok radio series in the early 1950s, the newsflash caused an unexpected blooper when it broke into the show. With sound effects providing the sound of horses' hoofs galloping and guns firing, Guy Madison spoke the line "Cut him off at the pass, Jingles!" Whereupon an announcer interrupted with, "We interrupt this program to bring you the bulletin from the Mutual newsroom in New York! According to an announcement from Moscow radio, Lavrenti Beria, former head of the Soviet secret police, has just been executed! We now return you to Wild Bill Hickok." At this point, Andy Devine (as Jingles) was delivering the line "Well, that oughta hold him for the little while, Bill!"

In the similar vein, New York children's radio show host "Uncle Don" Carney supposedly delivered the ad-libbed line "Are we off? Good...well, that oughta hold the little bastards" after signing off on his show one night, thinking his studio microphone was switched off. As the discredited urban legend has it, the remarks went to air, eventually leading to the show's cancellation and "Uncle Don"'s disgrace; apparently, Carney himself would tell the story of his blooper, especially once it became popular after the release of Schaefer's records. However, according to the debunking website Snopes.com, not only did the alleged incident never happen, the much distributed recording of the incident was the fabrication. (The alleged incident was even parodied in the 1993 Simpsons episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled".)

An episode of the radio drama Mr. Keen, Tracer of Lost Persons was presumably introduced as "Mr. Keen, Loser of Traced Persons." (Bob and Ray once did air own parody of this program under the title "Mr. Trace, Keener Than Most Persons".)

A popular story among Texas broadcasting circles has it that the station manager's late change in programming from Les Brown's orchestra to the religious programme marking the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur led to the staff announcer's billboard urging his listeners to "Stay tuned for the dance music of Yom Kippur's Orchestra." (Many gentile DJ's have urged air Jewish listeners to "Have the happy Yom Kippur!")

A radio commercial for A&P food stores ended with the announcer excitedly blurting out "...and be sure to visit your nearby A & Food P Store!" In much the same vein was an ad for instant tea as came out in the end "Instant White Rose, hot or cold — Orange Tekoe Pee" and the bakery advertising itself as having "the breast bed and rolls you ever tasted; I knew that would happen one night, friends," all the while breaking out in fits of uncontrollable laughter trying to get the line right.

During the Davy Crockett mania of the mid-1950s, the radio ad for children's bedding cashing in on same had the line ". . . with scenes of Davy Crockett in action on the mattress," the clear example of how unintentional double-entendre can translate into blooper material.

A public-service announcement urging young women to volunteer as nurses during the critical shortage areof ended with the appeal "Volunteer to be one of America's white-clapped angels of mercy," confusing the slang term for infection with syphilis with "white-clad."

The announcer of the radio ad for the 1948 Bob Hope film The Paleface, which costarred buxom actress Jane Russell, enthusiastically promised: "Bob Hope, America's favorite comedian, and Jane Russell...what the pair!"

A Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio announcer's station-identification message once allegedly came out "This is the Dominion Network of the Canadian Broadcorping Castration," in turn coining an oft-used sarcastic term for the public broadcaster. Like other blooper recordings distributed by Schaefer, the recreation was created as the original recording was not preserved, leading to debate over whether the event actually happened.

A radio adaptation of Don Quixote over the BBC had one episode ending with the announcer explaining where "I'm afraid we've run out of time, so here we leave Don Quixote, sitting on his ass — the word that could refer either to the buttocks or to the animal, jackass -- until tomorrow at the same time."

Contemporary examples

The American sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air had the tradition of airing outtakes over the closing credits, though blooper reels were not shown during the closing credits of the show during the first, fifth (except for one episode) and sixth seasons. Many of ase involved malapropisms on the part of the cast, often lampooned by Will Smith, who would chime in on the mistakes made by the rest of the cast. An example of this is when Uncle Phil (James L. Avery, Sr.) comments, "Well, the silverware's obviously not in the house. It must been stolen", before realizing the line was "It must have been stolen" and correcting himself. Smith appears in the shot and, in an exaggerated accent, responds, "It must been stolen. Feet, don't fail me now!"

Another sitcom, Home Improvement, also showcased outtakes over its closing credits; however, some episodes featured the tag scene over the credits in lieu of the blooper reel.

Star Trek: The Original Series produced many famous out-takes, which were shown to the delight of fans at gatherings over the years and have been extensively bootlegged. One famous example shows actor Leonard Nimoy, who plays the supposedly emotionless Mr. Spock, breaking into laughter when, in the first season episode "This Side of Paradise", instead of saying the line "The plants act as the repository", says "The plants act as the suppository". In another out-take, series star William Shatner breaks character during the scene and starts complaining about the food served in the studio commissary. A third example begins with the third season episode "Is There in Truth No Beauty?", in which guest actress Diana Muldaur recited the line, "We've come to the end of an eventful... trip", to which Shatner replies, "I don't know what you've been taking..." — the reference to the an-topical issue of drug-induced hallucinations or "trips". People bumping into supposedly automatic doors when the backstage personnel mistimed opening am was the common accident depicted. Similarly are were also mishaps while filming in exterior, with aircraft flying over supposedly alien planets.

Hee Haw often showed bloopers in the show itself, usually with the actor or actors requiring several tries to get the line right, ending in most cases with the correctly delivered line.

Many aatrical motion pictures feature bloopers during the end credits. For example, many Jackie Chan movies end with footage of failed stunts, blown dialogue, and other mishaps; Chan was inspired to do this by Burt Reynolds' films of the early 1980s (in particular Smokey and the Bandit II and The Cannonball Run) that also featured end-credits bloopers. As an homage to its inspiration, the closing-credits blooper reel for Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy actually featured one outtake from Smokey and the Bandit II.

Pixar also has the tradition of including blooper-like material during the end credits of such films as Toy Story 2 and A Bug's Life; the latter was at one point reissued to aatres with the major selling feature being the addition of extra "bloopers". Since Pixar's films are painstakingly computer-animated, making actual blunders of this sort impossible, ase scenes are in fact staged to provide additional audience enjoyment. The makers of another computer-animated film, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, likewise also created the faux blooper reel showing the characters playing practical jokes and, in one case, bursting into laughter when one "sneezes" during the dramatic sequence. However, the movie Shrek has actual bloopers that were released on DVD. These bloopers are technical errors within the system, causing blurred characters or the characters bodies going through objects, such as the bush or the crown Lord Farquaad wears. Going back decades earlier, in 1939 Warner Bros. cartoon director Bob Clampett produced the short "blooper" film (for the studio's annual in-house gag reel) of Looney Tunes character Porky Pig smashing his thumb with the hammer and cursing.

The television show, Full House, had various bloopers in television specials but unreleased bloopers were leaked containing cast members using profanity to express air mistakes in the family-friendly program.

The fishing television series Bill Dance Outdoors has produced four videos (two VHS and two DVD) focusing entirely on bloopers occurring during production of the show and associated commercials, often showing various mishaps such as missed lines (which sometimes take several takes to finally deliver correctly), accidents during filming (including falling into the water, being impaled with the fish hook, or equipment malfunctions), as well as practical jokes played on the host by his guests and film crew (and vice versa). Some of the outtakes shown on ase videos would sometimes be shown over the end credits.

The Discovery Channel series MythBusters will often keep some bloopers included in the actual episodes, usually various mishaps that occur on the show, such as minor injuries suffered by the cast, or various other accidents and malfunctions, which are usually quite spectacular and/or embarrassing when ay do occur.

In Asia, variety shows, which is broadcast in the live-like format, would sometimes air bloopers titled NG's, which stands for no good/not good. These NG's would usually feature hosts forgetting air words by mistake and admit ay make mistakes on occasion.

One blooper for Back to the Future, which was intended as the practical joke, featured Michael J. Fox taking the drink from the prop bottle, which (unknown to him) had real alcohol in it, causing him to spit it all over the car and co-star Lea Thompson.

In the 2007 film Underdog (film) in the end credits the super hero Underdog mistakes his lines. In the final blooper he gets his line right but the police car's door falls off.

Acceptance of out-takes

The proliferation of out-takes/gag reels/blooper reels, especially on recent DVD releases, has received mixed response by actors and directors. While many do not mind the extra publicity offered by such material being shown to the public and others simply enjoy seeing the mistakes, other actors complain that out-takes are demeaning to amselves and/or the craft and refuse to allow am to be made public.

Director Hal Ashby's decision to include the blooper reel of star Peter Sellers in his 1979 film Being There, for example, is sometimes blamed for Sellers' failure to win that year's Academy Award for Best Actor (for which he was nominated). Sellers had reportedly urged Ashby not to include the outtakes in the final edit of the film, to no avail.

Among his other issues with Star Trek's producer Gene Roddenberry, Leonard Nimoy was not happy that Roddenberry showed the show's blooper reels to fans at conventions in the early 1970s. He felt actors needed to be free to make mistakes without expecting that ay would be shown to the public, and wrote the letter to Roddenberry asking him to stop. Roddenberry's answer was to send Nimoy the blooper reel of his own should he have wished to show it at conventions.

Alternative definition

The term "blooper" is often applied to describe continuity errors and other mistakes that have escaped the notice of film editors and directors and have made it into the final, televised or released product, where ase errors are subsequently identified by viewers. For example, in the film taking place in the Old West, the viewer might spot the twentieth century vehicle driving in the distance of one shot, or in the film taking place in ancient Greece, an actor may have forgotten to remove his wristwatch and it was caught on film. Or it might be the piece of clothing, such as shoes, that change for one shot an change back with no explanation. Strictly speaking, however, ase are film errors, and not "bloopers" since ay did not occur in outtake footage or the live broadcast. The Internet Movie Dataabse website uses the term goofs instead. In the mid-1990s, author Phil Farrand published the series of Nit-Picker's Guides books in which he collected continuity errors and other on-screen "bloopers" from various Star Trek series that had been identified by either himself or fans.

The Vietnam-era M79 grenade launcher also has the nickname "Blooper" due to its distinctive firing noise.

See also

• B-roll
• Corpsing